Vitamin Library

Sponsored by Dr. Weil's Vitamin Advisor.

What is glucosamine?
Glucosamine is a substance found naturally in healthy cartilage. It is an amino sugar and is a precursor in the synthesis of specialized fats and proteins used to repair cartilage and other tissues in the body. Glucosamine supplements are taken to support the structure and functionality of joints in the body and specifically to reduce the symptoms of osteoarthritis.

Glucosamine is most often sold as glucosamine sulfate, but is also available as glucosamine hydrochloride, and n-acetyl glucosamine. Although they are all forms of glucosamine, each has a different chemical makeup and may not have the same effects when taken as supplements.

Why is it necessary?
Osteoarthritis causes joint cartilage to lose its elasticity and become stiff which leads to joint discomfort, swelling, and loss of movement. Over time, the body decreases production of glucosamine. It is possible that incorporating daily glucosamine supplements may rectify and replace falling levels in the body and reduce osteoarthritis symptoms, although studies have yielded contradictory results.

One study published in the February 23, 2006, issue of the New England Journal of Medicine concluded glucosamine taken with chondroitin sulfate, an important structural component of cartilage providing a joint's resistance to compression, benefited those with moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis pain. However, another study published in the British Medical Journal in 2010 found glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the combination of the two did not reduce joint pain.

Despite the debate about glucosamine, Dr. Weil believes that there is sufficient evidence of efficacy to recommend that people with osteoarthritis try the supplement to see if they experience relief.

What are the signs of a deficiency?
People over the age of 50 are prone to developing joint, cartilage, and bone injuries as bone density gradually decreases. Stiff and aching joints are often the sign of osteoarthritis and X-rays are the best way to confirm this condition.

How much, and what kind, does an adult need?
There is no Daily Value recommendation, however, Dr. Weil suggests 1,500 mg of glucosamine (in the form of glucosamine sulfate) daily for those with osteoarthritis.

How much does a child need?
Dr. Weil does not suggest that a child take glucosamine if he or she does not have osteoarthritis. If a child is diagnosed with juvenile osteoarthritis, consult a pediatrician before beginning glucosamine supplementation.

How do you get enough from foods?
Glucosamine is found in shells of marine animals and in animal cartilage but does not occur naturally in abundance in foods that are commonly eaten in the U.S. Instead, supplements offer a method of acquiring glucosamine in sufficiently high quantity to show a therapeutic effect.

Are there any risks associated with too much?
There are no known risks with taking large quantities of glucosamine, but diabetics should consult their primary physician before taking glucosamine because it may alter glucose levels in the body. Large amounts may also interact with diuretics and blood thinners - if you are on these medications, ask your physician before starting to take supplements.

Are there any other special considerations?

• Some glucosamine supplements are derived from shellfish, so those with shellfish allergies must be cautious and determine the origin of the supplements.
• Glucosamine is not recommended during pregnancy due to a lack of research evidence.
• Some studies have shown glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate taken together may increase effectiveness in relieving arthritis pain, but more research is needed to establish a clear therapeutic effect.

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Is glucosamine right for you?
Everyone's dietary needs are different based on a number of factors including lifestyle, diet, medications and more. To find out if glucosamine is right for you, take Dr. Weil's Vitamin Advisor. This 4-step questionnaire requires just minutes to complete, and generates a free, no-obligation vitamin and nutritional supplement recommendation that is personalized to meet your unique nutritional needs.